Along a stretch of the East Coast that includes New York City, sea-level rise has increased at its fastest rate in the prior 100 years compared to the past 2,000 年, according to a new 調査 led by Rutgers University.
“The global rise in sea-level from melting ice and warming oceans from 1900 に 2000 led to a rate that’s more than twice the average for the years 0 に 1800 — the most significant change,” Rutgers said of the study’s findings.
The study uses new techniques and focuses on six specific locations in the northeastern US, including three in New Jersey and one each in Connecticut, New York and North Carolina.
Human-induced climate change is fueling this more dramatic rise. The research shows that emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by humans burning fossil fuels have warmed up our planet, causing the oceans to warm and glaciers to melt.
Sea-level ‘budgets’ break down contributors to rising water
This research is the first of its kind to utilize what the researchers call “sea-level budgets” while determining the rate at which the ocean is rising over an extensive period.
A sea-level budget examines the change in sea level over time at global, regional and local scales. It breaks down how sea level is affected by different phenomena, which are divided into scales. At each of these scales, there are various factors that contribute to the rising water levels, or in some cases falling levels.
At the global scale, 例えば, factors such as water temperatures play a role while at a local scale, the budget may consider land subsidence, which can vary by town.
“If you want to know what’s driving the sea level change, this budget approach is a way to break down those individual components,” said Jennifer Walker, the lead author of this study and a post-doctoral researcher at Rutgers University.
What this research has found is that the rising levels at these locations does succeed any falls over the time period examined.
“Regional land sinking was the dominant component of sea level change on those long timescales,” explained Walker.
The study found that southern New Jersey has had the largest sea-level rise in the past 2,000 years because of sinking land.
This land subsidence “is from the effect of the Laurentide ice sheet from our last Ice Age,” Walker told CNN. “The ice sheet retreated thousands of years ago, and the land is still readjusting from the effect of that past sheet.”
“US East Coast sea level rise rates are elevated because of the slowing Gulf Stream,” said Brian McNoldy, a senior research associate at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, who was not part of the study.
Walker added that over the past 200 years roughly, “We have rates that are double the average, compared to the last 2,000 年 … Where it used to be this regional land sinking being the dominant force, now it’s this global component, which is driven by the ice melt and warming of the oceans.”
These graphics show the sea level rise rates over time by each sea-level budget. The light gray resembles the most dominant budget, linear. This category factors in land subsidence caused by the natural compaction of land and the Laurentide ice sheet melting. The pie charts also highlights how the linear sea-level budget is the largest component of sea-level rise in New Jersey. The other shadings on the graphs signify the three other sea-level budgets: global (red), regional non-linear (light blue) and local (purple). The dashed black line on the graphs shows the total sea level rise when combining these four budgets.
At this global scale, sea level rise was found to have been primarily caused by “increased ocean mass and volume from glacier and ice sheet melt and thermal expansion on a global scale in response to greenhouse forcing of warming sea surface and surface air temperatures,” the research states.
While the sea-level budgets have risen in at least the past century, over time some have fallen, あまりにも. Prior to around 1600 of the Common Era, the regional non-linear budget had a decreasing sea level rate. These lowering sea levels are likely caused by “broad climate transitions in the North Atlantic,” according to the research. This includes pressure patterns over the North Atlantic, which basically is where the low and high pressure systems are located.
Climate change is causing rates to accelerate
These global factors were not a dominant contributor to sea-level rise prior to the year 1800, but that has changed in recent times. “The increasing influence of the global component is the most significant change in the sea-level budgets at all six sites,” 研究によると.
This means that humans are causing the seas to rise and that they are dominating Earth’s systems, 科学者は言う.
The data collected for a location in northern New Jersey shows that from 1400 に 1500 CE, global budget sea levels likely rose at a rate of 0.13 millimeters per year. A few hundred years later in the period from 1900 に 2000, or the 20th century, the rate increased drastically to 1.30 millimeters per year.
Meanwhile, the regional and local sea-level budgets were either constant or had significantly lower changes.
At the global scale, 例えば, there have been rises in sea level over the course of several centuries but then falls. This is a natural cycle. But what has been happening recently in the 20th century has not been completely natural due to a more significant, upward acceleration of water levels.
Walker said trends in rising sea levels can be linked to the greenhouse gases already emitted, and that rates will continue to accelerate.
This acceleration will increase the number of days per year of flooding events, sometimes known as sunny-day floods. Tidal cycles can play a role in this, including the King Tides in the fall that produce the highest tidal levels of the year. Combine that with rising seas and that will lead to more coastal flooding days, regardless of the weather.
There is another component to how sea level rise can have a big impact: large storms. Walker noted, “With these big storm events, you can really see the impacts more greatly.”
A storm like Hurricane Sandy in 2012 crippled much of the Northeast, including New York City, with record storm surge. “The impacts from a big storm like that are just going to be exacerbated on top of (the rising seas).”
Walker said the effects of sea level rise during significant weather events pose a longer-term challenge once the levels do get even higher.
